HEMP CB2 OIL
Description: Cold Pressed Hemp oil standardised to 300mg per ml of terpenes including β-myrcene, β-Caryophyllene and unrestricted cannabinoids.
About β-caryophyllene.
The sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene is a major plant volatile found in large amounts in the essential oils of many different spice and food plants such as oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) and black pepper (Piper nigrum I.) 1-3
β-Caryophyllene selectively binds to the CP55,940 binding site (i.e., THC binding site) in the CB2 receptor, leading to cellular activation and anti-inflammatory effects. Although the CB1 receptor is expressed in the central nervous system and in the periphery, the CB2 receptor is primarily found in the peripheral tissues 4,5. In vivo, CB receptors are activated by arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids, such as 2-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide or AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) 6,7. CB2 receptor ligands have been shown to inhibit inflammation and edema formation8, exhibit analgesic effects, 9 and play a protective role in hepatic ischemia -reperfusion injury10.
In the gastrointestinal tract CB2 receptor agonists have been shown to prevent experimental colitis by reducing inflammation11. Moreover, the CB2 receptor has been described as a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis 12 and osteoporosis13. Consequently, CB2 receptor-selective agonists that are devoid of the psychoactive side effects typically associated with CB1 receptor activation are potential drug candidates for the treatment of a range of different diseases.
Several health effects have been attributed to β-caryophyllene or medicinal plants containing β-caryophyllene 14, including anti-inflammatory15, and anesthetic16, anti carcinogenic17, anti fibrotic18 and anxiolytic-like19 activity.
Analgesic effects of β-caryophyllene were also observed after local intraplantar application20. It has been previously shown that beta caryophyllene exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in the carrageenan-induced edema test21.
β-Caryophyllene is an extract of various plants and is one of the predominant cannabinoid receptor type 2 ligands found in cannabis sativa. β-Caryophyllene is a food grade additive and has demonstrated a wide range of activity22 and notably for gut health.
β-Caryophyllene is a known agonist for the PPARγ protein which is protective of several biological systems including gastrointestinal, inflammatory and metabolic systems. Several studies show the value of23 supplementation of β-Caryophyllene for:
- Colitis 24,25,26
- Inflammatory Hepatitis 27,28,29
- Gastroprotective 30,31,32
- Nephroprotective 33,34,35
Beyond generalized gastrointestinal and related organ health, β-Caryophyllene has been found to be cytoprotective and inhibited gastro-mucosal injuries and inflammation. There is evidence that the syndrome may be treated by36 β-Caryophyllene. Moreover, the medical cannabis community has suggested that the epidemic of ‘leaky gut’37 syndrome may be attenuated by the β-Caryophyllene content of marijuana extracts.38
About Myrcene.
Myrcene is the most abundant terpene produced by cannabis and provides an earthy, fruity aroma with a hint of spice. Myrcene is a potent analgesic, acting at central sites that are antagonized by naloxone 39Myrcene also works via a peripheral mechanism shared by CBD,CBG and CBC-by blocking the inflammatory activity of prostaglandin E2 40and blocking hepatic carcinogenesis by aflatoxin 41 Myrcene also synergizes the antibiotic potency of other essential oil components, against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a specific strain of Escherichia coli 42. Myrcene inhibits cytochrome P450-2B1, an enzyme implicated in the metabolic function of promutagens43.
Myrcene is recognized as sedative as part of hops preparations (Humulus lupulus), employed to aid sleep in Germany 44. Furthermore, myrcene acted as a muscle relaxant in mice, and potentiated barbiturate sleep time at high doses 44
Myrcene is the predominant terpene in hemp species. It has been used to treat neuropathic (nerve) pain and nociceptive (localised) pain at 5mg per kg body weight in mice. This is equivalent to 1mg per kilogram45 of body weight in humans. 1 millilitre of Protect G has a minimum of 100mg of myrcene, suitable to treat a 100kg individual. Additionally, myrcene has been shown to confer generalised analgesic effects.46,47,48,49
Key Points of Compounds
Myrcene
- Sedative44
- Anti inflammatory40
- Analgesic39,46,47,48,49
- Muscle relaxant44
- Anti bacterial42
- Anti-proliferative41
- Anti-mutagenic43
Beta Caryophyllene
- Anxiolytic-like19
- Anti carcinogenic17
- Anti-inflammatory15
- Antibacterial
- Gastroprotective30,31,32
- Analgesic9
- Anti fibrotic18
- Colitis 11,24,25,26
- Inflammatory Hepatitis 27,28,29
- Nephro-protective 33,34,35
Research Evidence and Efficacy.
1Orav A, Stulova I, Kailas T, MQQrisepp M (2004) Effect of storage on the essential oil composition of Piper nigrum L. fruits of different ripening states. J Agric Food Chem 52:2582-2586
2Jayaprakasha GK, Jagan Mohan Rao L, Sakariah KK (2003) Volatile constituents from Cinnamomum zeylancium fruit stalks and their antioxidant activities. J Agric Food Chem 51:4344-4348.
3Mockute D, Bernotiene G, Judzentiene A (2001) The essential oil of Origanum vulgare L.ssp. vulgare growing wild in vilinius district (Lithuania). Phytochemistry 57:65-69
4Mackie K (2006) Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 46:101-122.
5(8Pertwee RG (2007) The diverse CB (1) and CB (2) receptor pharmacology of three plant cannabinoids: Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin. Br J Pharmacol 53: 199-215
6Devane WA, et al. (1992) Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 258; 1946-1949
7Sugiura T, Waku K (2000) 2-Arachidonoyglycerol and the cannabinoid receptors. Chem Phys Lipids 108:89-106
8Iwamura H, Suzuki H, Kaya T, Inaba T (2001) In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of JTE-907, a novel selective ligand for cannabinoid CB2 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296:420-425
9Ibrahim MM, et al (2005) CB2 cannabinoid receptor activation produces antinociception by stimulating peripheral release of endogenous opiods. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:3093-3098
10Batkai S, et al. (2007) Cannabinoid-2 receptor mediates protection against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. FASEB J 21:1788-1800
11Kimball ES, Schneider CR, Wallace NH, Hornby PJ (2006) Agonists of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 inhibit experimental colitis induced by oil of mustard and by dextran sulfate sodium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 291: G364-371
12Steffens S, et al. (2007) Low dose oral cannabinoid therapy reduces progression of atherosclerosis in mice. Nature 434:782-786
13Ofek O, et al. (2006) Peripheral cannabinoid receptor, CB2, regulates bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:696-701.
14Russo, E.B., 2011. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br. J. Pharmacol. 163,1344-1364
15Gertsch J., Leonti, M, Raduner, S., Racz, I., Chen, J.Z., Xie, X.Q., Altmann, K.H., Karsak, M., Zimmer, A., 2008. Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Pro. Natl: Acad. Sci. USA 105, 9099-9104.
16Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Di Cesare Mannelli, L., Mazzanti, G., Bartolini, A., 2001. Local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene. Farmaco 56, 387-389.
17Legault, J., Pichette, A., 2007. Potentiating effect of beta caryophyllene on anticancer activity of a-humulene, isocaryophyllene and paclitaxel. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 59, 1643-1647.
Loizzo, MR., Tundis, R., Menichini, F., Saab, A.M., Statti, G.A., Menichini, F., 2008. Antiproliferative effects of essential oils and their major constituents in human renal adenocarcinoma and amelanotic melanoma cells. Cell proliferation 41, 1002-1012.
18Calleja, M.A., Vieites, J.M., Montero-Meterdez, T., Torres, M.I., Faus, M.J., Gil, A., 2012. The antioxidant effect of beta caryophyllene protects rat liver from carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation. Br. J. Nutr. 1, 1-8.
19Galdino, P.M., Nascimento, M.V.M., Florentino, I.F., Lino, R.C., Fajemiroye, J.O., Chaibub, B.A., de Paula, J.R., de Lima, T.C.M., Costa, E.A., 2012. The anxiolytic-like effect of an essential oil derived from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St. Hil. leaves and its major component, b-caryophyllene, in male mice. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 38, 276-284.
20Katsuyama, S., Mizoguchi, H., Kuwahata, H., Komatsu, T., Nagaoka, K., Nakamura, H., Bagetta, G., Sakurada, T., Sakurada, S., 2012. Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in beta caryophyllene-induced antinociception. Eur. J. Pain 17, 664-675.
21Gertsch, J., Leonti, M., Raduner, S., Racz, I., Chen, J.Z., Xie, X.Q., Altmann, K.H., Karsak, M., Zimmer, A., 2008. Beta caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 9099-9104.
Bento, A., Marcon, R., Dutra, R., Claudino, R., Cola, M., Leite, D., Calixto, J., 2011. Caryophyllene inhibits dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through CB2 receptor activation and PPARy pathway. Am. J. Pathol. 178, 1153-1166.
Horvath, B., Mukhopadhyay, P., Kechrid, M., Patel, V., Tanchian, G., Wink, D.A., Gertsch, J., Pacher, P., 2012. B-caryophylllene ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in a cannabinoid 2 receptor-dependant manner. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 52, 1325-1333.
22 Katsuyama, S., Mizoguchi, H., Kuwahata, H., Komatsu, T., Nagaoka, K., Nakamura, H., ... & Sakurada, S. (2013). Involvement of peripheral cannabinoid and opioid receptors in β-caryophyllene-induced antinociception. European journal of pain, 17 (5), 664-675.
23 Bento, A. F., Marcon, R., Dutra, R. C., Claudino, R. F., Cola, M., Leite, D. F. P., & Calixto, J. B. (2011). β-Caryophyllene inhibits dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through CB2 receptor activation and PPARγ pathway. The American journal of pathology, 178 (3), 1153-1166.
24 Cho, J. Y., Chang, H. J., Lee, S. K., Kim, H. J., Hwang, J. K., & Chun, H. S. (2007). Amelioration of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by oral administration of β-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene. Life sciences, 80 (10), 932-939.
25 Bento, A. F., Marcon, R., Dutra, R. C., Claudino, R. F., Cola, M., Leite, D. F. P., & Calixto, J. B. (2011). β-Caryophyllene inhibits dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice through CB2 receptor activation and PPARγ pathway. The American journal of pathology, 178 (3), 1153-1166.
26 Cho, J. Y., Choi, E. H., Kang, J. I., Choi, C., & Chun, H. S. (2013). Supercritical fluid extract from maca alleviates colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice. Food Science and Biotechnology, 22 (3), 859-864.
27 Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla-Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21 (6), 501-506.
28 Varga, Z. V., Matyas, C., Erdelyi, K., Cinar, R., Nieri, D., Chicca, A., ... & Hasko, G. (2018). β-Caryophyllene protects against alcoholic steatohepatitis by attenuating inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in mice. British journal of pharmacology, 175 (2), 320-334.
29 Varga, Z. V., Matyas, C., Erdelyi, K., Cinar, R., Nieri, D., Chicca, A., ... & Hasko, G. (2018). β-Caryophyllene protects against alcoholic steatohepatitis by attenuating inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in mice. British journal of pharmacology, 175 (2), 320-334.
30 Paiva, L. A. F., Rao, V. S. N., Gramosa, N. V., & Silveira, E. R. (1998). Gastroprotective effect of Copaifera langsdorffii oleoresin on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 62 (1), 73-78.
31 Sharma, C., M Al Kaabi, J., M Nurulain, S., N Goyal, S., Amjad Kamal, M., & Ojha, S. (2016). Polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene: a dietary phytocannabinoid of pharmaceutical promise. Current pharmaceutical design, 22 (21), 3237-3264.
32 Lemos, M., Santin, J. R., Mizuno, C. S., Boeing, T., Sousa, J. P. B. D., Nanayakkara, D., ... & Andrade, S. F. D. (2015). Copaifera langsdorffii: evaluation of potential gastroprotective of extract and isolated compounds obtained from leaves. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 25 (3), 238-245.
33 Horváth, B., Mukhopadhyay, P., Kechrid, M., Patel, V., Tanchian, G., Wink, D. A., ... & Pacher, P. (2012). β-Caryophyllene ameliorates cisplatin-inducednephrotoxicity in a cannabinoid 2 receptor-dependent manner. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 52 (8), 1325-1333.
34 Sharma, C., M Al Kaabi, J., M Nurulain, S., N Goyal, S., Amjad Kamal, M., & Ojha, S. (2016). Polypharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of β-caryophyllene: a dietary phytocannabinoid of pharmaceutical promise. Current pharmaceutical design, 22 (21), 3237-3264.
35 Loizzo, M. R., Tundis, R., Menichini, F., Saab, A. M., Statti, G. A., & Menichini, F. (2008). Antiproliferative effects of essential oils and their major constituents in human renal adenocarcinoma and amelanotic melanoma cells. Cell Proliferation, 41 (6), 1002-1012.
36 Tambe, Y., Tsujiuchi, H., Honda, G., Ikeshiro, Y., & Tanaka, S. (1996). Gastric cytoprotection of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene, β-caryophyllene. Planta medica, 62 (05), 469-470.
37 Wright, K. L., Duncan, M., & Sharkey, K. A. (2008). Cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract: a regulatory system in states of inflammation. British journal of pharmacology, 153 (2), 263-270.
38 Boyar, K. Leaky Gut Syndrome: Cannabinoids and the Endocannabinoid System (ECS) as a therapeutic target.
39Rao, V.S.N., A.M.S. Menezes, and G.S.B. Viana. 1990. Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 42:877-878.
40Lorenzetti, B.B., G.E.P. Souza, S.J. Sarti, D. Santos Filho, and S.H. Ferreira. 1991. Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. J Ethno-pharmacol 34:43-48.
41De Oliveira AC, Ribeiro-Pinto L.F, Paumgartten JR (1997). In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by beta-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicol Lett 92: 39-46
42Onawunmi, G.O., W.A. Yisak, and E.O. Ogunlana. 1984. Antibacterialconstituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon ciratus (DC.) Stapf. J Ethanopharmacol 12(3): 279-286
43De Oliviera, A.C., L.F. Ribeiro-Pinto, J.R. Paumgartten. 1997. In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by beta-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicol Lett 92:39-46
44Bisset NG, Wichtl M (2004). Herbal Drugs and Phytophamaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis, 3rd edn. Medpharm Scientific Publishers: Stuttgart; CRC Pres: Boca Raton, FL.
do Vale TG, Furtado EC, Santos JG Jr, Viana GS (2002). Central effects of citral, myrcene and limonene, constituents of essential oil chemotypes from Lippia alba (Mill.) n.e. Brown. Phytomed 9: 709-714.
45 Paula-Freire, L. I. G., Molska, G. R., Andersen, M. L., & de Araújo Carlini, E. L. (2016). Ocimum gratissimum essential oil and its isolated compounds (eugenol and myrcene) reduce neuropathic pain in mice. Planta medica, 82 (03), 211-216.
46 Tonussi, C. R., & Ferreira, S. H. (1992). Rat knee-joint carrageenin incapacitation test: an objective screen for central and peripheral analgesics. Pain, 48 (3),421-427.
47 Guimarães, A. G., Quintans, J. S., & Quintans-Júnior, L. J. (2013). Monoterpenes with analgesic activity—a systematic review. Phytotherapy research, 27 (1),1-15.
48 Lorenzetti, B. B., Souza, G. E., Sarti, S. J., Santos Filho, D., & Ferreira, S. H. (1991). Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 34 (1), 43-48.
49Paumgartten, F. J. R., Delgado, I. F., Alves, E. N., Nogueira, A. C. M. D. A., Presgrave, R. D. F., & Neubert, D. (1990). Single dose toxicity study of beta-myrcene, a natural analgesic substance.